Misprinted State Quarters

FOOTPRINTS IN THE ROAD ©

Ide ntificar the footprints of the vehicles on a road surface is a very important point during data collection in the scene where there has been a traffic accident, since the traces provide information useful for analysis of the accident determining hit points, trajectories pre-and post-impact speeds, etc.. Therefore, it is necessary recorded during data collection and diagrams, sketches or drawings, all possible information of the tracks and their characteristics, the tire or element corresponding to each trace, length, trajectory, properly related width between the tread and the tread of the tire brand.

Skidmark : Identifies the lock of the rim as deceleration maneuver emergency on a surface, on which has a maximum adhesion and resistance to longitudinal displacement.

braking footprint is caused by blocking the wheels, causing the tires to make permanent contact in the same area of \u200b\u200bthe tread, forming the energy virtually kinetic during braking is transformed into work becomes heat in areas of the tire and road surface.

This localized heating causes a significant increase in the temperature in the area, reaching to soften the rubber compound tire, and to the abrasion that is subject of the particles emerge, deposited on the pavement. Such deposit as the energy continues to transferred is sufficient to produce the phenomenon described above, thus marking the so-called skid marks.

The scene is important to differentiate whether the marked track on the road surface was produced by a tire during normal operation (normal pressure, lower then Max, etc.) or, conversely, are the hallmark of a defective tire, damaged or in poor operating conditions (overload, etc.).

UNIFORM NO TRACES

can be found ar uneven skid marks on the track, due to different reasons, for example, when the tire deformations or failure, of which include:

High Inflation Pressure: High pressure in the inflated tire generates a round (ball shaped) in the central part of the tread which is in contact with the road surface, creating clean and wear in this area of \u200b\u200bthe rim, being consistent with the marking of the trail braking, presenting a smaller width marking for a tire with pressure Correct air.

Inflation Pressure grade: A normally low inflation pressure, causes vertical forces supported by a wheel falling on the outer edges of the tread touching the road surface by the effect of stiffness Housing in flanks and shoulders. In this case the trace of braking submit a score of outdoor areas, generating two lines.

Intermittent Traces: This type of tracks are presented when the vehicle locks its wheels and suspension is highly unstable. Likewise, when the road surface is corrugated or bumpy. Also, the rear wheels of the trailers make their mark cu intermittent load'm little or is completely empty.

Metal Steal Drag : this kind of footprints are caused by the structure of a vehicle or object thereof to perform metal friction or friction with the road surface, forming several lines and in some cases cracks.

Steal Drag Tire: are produced by the wheels of a vehicle which changes its trajectory when applied an external force product structure of an impact. In your drawing you can see horizontal or diagonal lines in the direction of impact.

Steal Drift: Footprints marked by the tires of a vehicle which moves laterally as a result of wheel lock the rear axle or, if there is oil or wet road surface. Just drag the tire footprint, you can not see the picture of the tread by the various oblique lines are presented, as well as its width can vary. In this type of track is important to analyze whether the time of lateral shift, the car had blocked the wheels turning or ending or starting with a trace of braking.

Career Steal: produced by a wheel without blocking, appreciable on soft surfaces such as dirt, mud, gravel, etc., or surfaces that deform the overtaking of a vehicle, leaving marked the picture of the tread. Also you can see on hard surfaces as long as there moisture between the two surfaces.

Steal Acceleration: footprint that is caused by slippage of the vehicle tire traction on surfaces with high adhesive strength, showing in some cases, remnants of cultivars released in the opposite direction to march the vehicle. These tracks will be marked only by the drive wheels.

Footprint critical speed path: occurs when a vehicle turns a corner and the rate exceeds the limits set for the design of the road because of the different forces acting on the mass, in these cases affecting the lateral force (centrifugal force). The weight of the vehicle is moved on the outer rims the curve marking a drawing from the center of the tread to the outer shoulder of the tire, in some cases there shall be a thin line curve, depending on the speed of income or maneuver.

Skidmark. Road accident rates and Expertise. Irureta. Ed La Roca , third edition.

and road wheels. Traffic Accident Investigation. La Toma Data. Daniel A. Mantaras, Pablo Luque, Juan M. González. ED., Thomson. 2005.

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MANAGEMENT scene ©

Research and Management of the scene in a car accident rather complex depending on the magnitude of the accident and different items of evidence and physical evidence found in it.

Upon arrival at the scene, we must pay close attention to the verification and confirmation of the fact, determining whether there had only damage or casualties to determine its severity and proceeding with care first aid, among others.

Once evacuated the victim, we will protect the scene and take note of the people involved in the accident, as well as drivers and witnesses. As a foremost authority on the scene should make an observation of the items of evidence and physical evidence and the relevant minutes will be made which will record the observed.

First of all we must determine if the scene there is a traffic accident, sports, labor, among others ... It is important to take into account the definition of accident as an event that has generated at least one moving vehicle and as a result have damage, injury or death. Likewise, the vehicle is any device mounted on wheels, traction motor, animal or human drive, excluding wheelchairs, skates, skateboards and the like, promptly let the Law 769 of 2002 National Traffic Code.

Once the accident, we will continue with the analysis of impacts under the different masses, to determine if your class is a collision, overturning, collision, collision with fixed object, occupant crash, fire, other . In the form filled out by the traffic authorities in the scene, always mark the first impact, and kinds of accidents produced after this, will be made by way of observations of a dynamic description of the accident.

Following our actions as a first responder at the scene, we will post the same descriptively, take photographic records and to fasten planimetric measurement using the method that best fits the site and its ease, as a method of Cartesian coordinates, triangulation or angular coordinates, among others.

The Cartesian method is the measurement of a point with respect to a baseline (X axis) at an angle 90 degrees and then to a point of reference which will house the Y-Axis The reference point in the intersection must be the extension of the way (Esquinas) taking wide distance from roads, c arriles and platforms and sidewalks. In the case of track sections in urban area is used as a reference point the edge of buildings, in their absence, shall be to a street light pole or telephone lines. In rural areas will be made to the posts of mileage.

The triangulation method measures distances from point or item of evidence with respect to two reference points (eg, two light poles pub) determining the distance between these two points. This method is not determined angles, only distances that indicate the radius of two circles that at the time of the scale plan for union of the two circles we find the fixed point in the scene.

The angular coordinates method, determine the distance and angle between the element and the reference point, counting as a baseline the direction of North.

elements to set planimetric and photographers in the scene are:

• Vehicles and their footprints in the road surface. The measurement of the vehicles to the baseline, can be made from the same points or axes, the important thing is that then are taken wheelbase and front and rear flown each vehicle or its width. Similarly the distortions.
• Glass and debris from liquids ... From the center of focus.
• final position of the Victims.
• width and length of the different tracks give the road, checked with the tires have left their mark.

For curved tracks, the length is measured above the formed the same curvature imprint. For the plane, it should consider a measure from the beginning and end of the track in a straight line (rope) and center line will be taken away from the rope to the footprint (or ordered Sagita average) with to find the radius of the curve. The same method is used for the radius of curvature of the road.

• If the path is curved, and to determine its radius, we analyze the percentage of cannot.
• The percentage of cannot is determined using the same formula to calculate the percent of the slope of the track, extending the measuring tape horizontally on the track without touching the road surface (only the zero point tape) to maintain its position with a hand level with the distance you. want. Later take the distance between the tape and the high road surface. the formula is vertical to the horizontal, multiplied by 100%.
  

Note that setting the vehicle tracks and the victims will always have four measures of different lengths.

Once planimetric and photographic setting, check the horizontal and vertical signaling the way, if passive safety features, distances between the signaling devices, lights, signals work etc. Determine the road design and features, materials and road surface condition.

With all the items of evidence found at the scene, conduct an analysis relating place and point of impact, location of the mass at impact according to their deformation (distance and height), and together with the final position adopted by them, identify the trajectories of the masses before impact, determine direction of travel and the lane circulating.

With respect to deformations, state of the road surface, mass difference and footprints in the road, it is important to determine the approximate speed at which the vehicle was traveling.

natural formula used to determine the velocity is:

The speed is equal to 15.9 by the square root of: coefficient of friction (according to the road surface and wheels of the vehicle) the distance Skidmark. Formula in the book of Ribers, Traffic Accident Investigator's Handbook.


To determine the coefficient of friction or friction of the road, use: Cr = Velocity squared on 254 by braking distance.

Identify the root causes of the accident, carefully consider all the data collected and make assumptions. How and why it was presented. DO NOT place responsibilities, just causes.

All accidents are different, not in all cases so easy to determine speeds, other operations are needed to determine that we are in front of skid marks and not of paths marked by heavy vehicles, etc.

DESCRIBED ABOVE IS THE CORE CAN MAKE IN AN ACCIDENT. There is always more .....

not forget that in most traffic accidents in the scene there is a catch in the act, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 301 of Act 906 of 2004 Criminal Procedure Code, and the first respondent is who should make available to the competent authority when caught, who will be free or be given security measure determined in accordance with the judicial authority according to the procedure described in Article 302 of the same Act

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Argentina traffic law penalizes the driver

Contempt of legislators and officials should address the road safety warning also in analyzing how meaning is the relationship between motorists and pedestrians.

Because, in countries seeking to preserve the safety of pedestrians, motorists are required to automatic detention of the vehicle to a pedestrian starts crossing the road at the crosswalk or equivalent area.

Instead, the law 24449, as have the priorities of vehicles on public roads, in Section 41 Inc. e) , states that "... This priority of (vehicle) next the right is absolute and is lost to the pedestrians crossing the road at the crosswalk or in dangerous zone designated as such, should the driver stop the vehicle if it endangers the pedestrian ...." This text

is especially unfortunate in Argentina.

Because a significant number of deaths in road accidents are pedestrians crossing the road at the intersections and were struck by drivers who believed that the pedestrian was going to stop or the dodge and that such therefore not an accident occur.

Compare the wording of the article analyzes the text of the old Law 13893, in its Article 49, Inc.) , ordered: "... Approaching this path (or pedestrian safety), the driver in all cases should reduce speed, and, if necessary, to completely stop your vehicle to give way to pedestrians, so that they can pass along their up normally and without interference in any way. ".

And note that the text challenging the old law commanded respect the normal course of pedestrians, adding the ban to disturb in any way. These words seem written for those impatient drivers' will pull the car over the pedestrian "disrupting the normal crossing of the road and, if forced to stop and give way, play with the throttle, increasing the motor speed, in an implicit threats against anyone who dared to stand in his way.

Today, respecting the existing traffic law, the orders will follow Argentina's very usual to "make finite" to pedestrians.

But, making the situation more critical of these pedestrians, the new traffic law mandates, in Article 41 Inc. g) - Point 3 ,: "The next priority of the right ... lost to ... any circumstances when it has stopped running ".

who drafted this law has not measured the consequences dangerous in this text.

For drivers who stop their vehicle at an intersection to yield to a pedestrian, will be penalized with the loss of the right of way that might have on the traffic coming from the left.

This punishment to safe drivers adds to the fact that, as we saw before, is no longer required to stop the vehicle for pedestrians to continue their progress as normal.

These two provisions together constitute a clear invitation to not ever stop walking in an alley and is without doubt one of the worst provisions of Law 24449 which we analyzed, which have not been detected by the bodies set to control the efficiency of the new traffic law and, also, by NGOs that allegedly engaged in caring for the life of pedestrians, showing that "road safety is a state policy in Argentina" tolerated by all community.

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respectful of pedestrians Pedestrians unsafe because of traffic law

In the previous posts have discussed some gross errors of the Traffic Law.

and noted that these errors have not been warned and corrected by the agencies whose specific mission to monitor the effectiveness of the Act, despite 10 years of long duration thereof.

This post discusses the negligence of the legislators to take care of pedestrians, what is found in the reading of Article 38 .
In this article, in just 3 paragraphs and 3 points, is shipped with lightness, a matter of greatest urgency.

And reading the provisions of this Article, the first thing that is clear is that lawmakers did not foresee the possibility of sidewalks impassable, due to work on them and without them responsible for the walkways has been executed for on the road. Nor

cases are planned in cities where it snows in winter, when sidewalks are often impassable because of ice slabs extremely dangerous. In these circumstances, it is only safe to walk on the road thanks maintaining the same, making the respective municipalities to allow the transit of vehicles.

This legislative neglect, those pedestrians who are impassable and be a path down the road, they will do with the risk that accident, the judges are forced to impute negligence, because, by law current passing through the road is an illegal behavior even if no intention (Art 75, Inc A) .

With similar neglect, the said Art 38 states that in rural areas for transit pedestrians "... the paths and places as far away as possible from the road. When they do not exist transit through the shoulder in the direction opposite to adjacent traffic lane. During the night wearing armbands or other retroreflective elements to facilitate detection. ".

is clear that the drafters of this law have ignored the fact that many mountain roads are so narrow with no shoulder.
also have forgotten that, on those routes, when snow and road machines clearing the road, if no shoulder, the left machines occupied by "passes" of packed snow, absolutely impassable.
In this case, too, if an accident occurs, it will be attributed to the victim "for his negligence unlawful conduct. "

And so will millions of Argentines in marginalized areas, not only ignore the requirement to wear "bracelets or retroreflective elements, but in case of knowing this rule, even have them at the humble rural stores where are supplied and that, not take them at night, engage in unlawful conduct without intent.

should be noted that the old traffic law 13893, in force until the promulgation of Law 24449, was more judicious, as it established that "Pedestrians shall move, whenever circumstances permit, on sidewalks or shoulders, avoiding the use of the road ... ... When there were no sidewalks or shoulders were impassable, can use the roadways and must travel on the left and one after another (one in back). "

old law also provided for the 13893 that, on bridges road, "... pedestrians must pass through or trails that they have been booked and that in the absence of them, they will do everything possible leaning against the left." . This was not foreseen by the new traffic law.

Moreover, while from the State and various NGOs are declaimed by the removal of physical barriers to the disabled, the law provides that 24449 "In urban and rural areas, if there are different level crossings for pedestrians, its use is required to cross the road." (Art. 38, Inc. C) .

This article is, once again, proof of contempt of legislators for the disabled, the elderly and pregnant women, who, unable to use stairs of such crossings on different levels, incur unlawful conduct being responsible for it in case of accident.

law also failed to take into account a provision referred to in the old traffic law which stated that "... in no case be stopped voluntarily pedestrians on the road or pass through running. This latter is considered a serious breach of traffic and creates a presumption of guilt in the accidents that occur as a result of the violation of this rule. "(Art 54, Inc 13893 C Act).

This omission is serious this time because of the large number of aerobic running through the streets of our cities.
Today nothing prevents them from crossing the road running and cause an accident.
In this case, according to law, is liable for the driver of vehicle that runs into them.
This is a true arbitrary because neither prudent driver can react fast enough, if a runner stands, and suddenly the race in front of his vehicle.

This shows, once again, the negligence of the legislators and the agencies created for the improvement of road safety rules and that, not even taken the trouble to read carefully the existing legislation, adopting the her valuable provisions.

Inline Phone Recorders

Argentina The most common traffic violation in Argentina is to get off the car

Most Argentines assumed, naively, that those who write and enforce laws are competent people.

This is demonstrated in an article in the traffic law 24449, in force in our country that "produces" offenders every day, although this has been corrected, in more than 10 years of enforcement of this law, and warn drivers without running the risk.

For the above Act provides that "... pedestrian transit ... exceptionally on the road, surrounding the vehicle, rear-seat occupants, only for egress elevators ... "(Article 38, Inc. A, Item 3)

Look, dear reader, in writing crazy from this text that apparently has not been warned by the Federal Road Safety Council, or by the Regulatory Review Commission of the Ministry of Interior, created "... for the analysis of existing legislation in Transit and education and its consequent regulatory Road ... ", nor the Universities Committee, established by the Department of Community Relations " ... to participate in the development and monitoring of a Global Road Safety Plan, coordinated by the Secretariat for Road Safety ... ".

For if any of these officials had been moderately competent, would have understood that the text of section 3, we are analyzing, prohibits drivers, who park on the right side of the road, the descent through the door driver left.

is evident that those who drafted the law was intended to allow drivers to go down beside the road, because, otherwise, and in most of today's vehicles, they should bypass the shifter and auto opening the door next to the road.

should be noted also that, assuming that the vehicle had been parked legally on the left, the passenger's seat, ie, the right front seat occupant, nor is enabled to descend through the door, right , to the road, must also do it on the shifter and down the left door in this case.

This is because this maneuver, pass on the road to ascend or descend from the motor, it is only exceptionally allowed to rear seat occupants.

The fact is that, who eventually drafted the text, "he let out a very fat rabbit" and the final draft, approved and in force today, only allows the use of the roadway to the rise and fall of the motor, and only inncesaria manner, the rear seat occupants.

In this way, all drivers of our country, we parked on the right side of the road and went down quietly in our car on the driver's door, we are making daily, multiple offenses transit.

Fortunately, directly responsible for 24,449 law enforcement across the country, ie the famous "foxes" have not bothered to read the law, because, otherwise, our record of violations would be high.

But the seriousness of all this are the legal consequences of this legislative aberration.

For if a driver hit by another driver or passenger, who had fallen beside the road, "and is sponsored by a lawyer who has taken the trouble to read the law carefully," the loser in the Accordingly issue will hit.

This is because, according to the law, the only safe driver is expected to drop passengers on the road from the back seat, because, by section 77 Inc. A traffic law, constitutes a serious infringement do by the front doors and on the Article 75 Inc A, "... are responsible for this law ... People who engage in illegal conduct planned, even without intent ..." .

can therefore say without any exaggeration, that "road safety is a state policy in Argentina.

Shooting Pain In My Head And Neck

Driver Licenses ... stupid trap in Argentina

All specialists in transit and most journalists insist the lack of respect for traffic laws as the main cause of road accidents that cost, annually, thousands of lives.

But no one notices or, if they warn, do not worry, that the Traffic Law 24449 is clearly the first inducing the widespread anomie Argentine drivers.

This is because, according to that law, the only legal way to learn to drive a vehicle to do this through a driving school, without admitting any alternative.

face of this, the first thing to note is that, for the cost of courses, very few Argentines who can attend those schools and, in most cases, when they use them is because they have no family or friends with a car for that learning.

The second thing to note is that these driving schools are not taught to drive but merely to drive a vehicle. Ie, in those schools, you learn the essentials to put the car in motion and make the necessary changes during the march and learn the techniques required parking will be the test to obtain a driver's license.

But that knowledge does not mean that minimum driving and know that to be a good driver, you need to know " drive defensively." The

" Defensive driving "required to have internalized" automatically "behavior to prevent accidents, for example, constantly looking in the mirror, be attentive not only to the vehicle ahead but to possible surprise maneuvers of vehicles which are still later, to distinguish a reckless drivers by type of operations they perform and a long list of internalized attitudes that should be taken to prevent accidents.

Also, the "defensive driving " requires, for example, contemplate the possibility that young children go from a row of parked cars and are filed suddenly in front of the vehicle. This is because, by his small stature, were hidden by the row of vehicles were parked. In this case, the only way to "drive defensively " is to be attentive not only to vehicles that surround us, but if they are constantly monitoring the legs of those children who have fallen to the road below parked cars. In this way you can anticipate their movements and avoid hitting.

Unfortunately, all this can not be learned in a short course in a driving school but is treated after traveling a few thousand miles.

But for this, we have at our side an experienced driver who will teach us the simple little secrets of safe driving.

For all this it can be said with certainty that driving schools do not teach driving .

But also note that the vast majority of those who drive vehicles in Argentina do not learn to driving schools but they did-and still do-with parents, siblings or friends, in clear violation to traffic rules and that, therefore, violated and violate the rules that require the availability of appropriate driver's license, for driving a vehicle public roads.

This, undeniably, it shows the negligence of those who enacted, promulgated and adopted for the federal, provincial and municipal law 24449, showing no concern whatsoever for this problem.

The practical solution to this is not complicated and the countries that have applied to road safety as state policy.

there who want to get a driver's license must have yielded a theoretical examination on the rules and driving a vehicle for at least 6 months and a " 's permit."

This "permission Beginner "enables to drive only if the passenger seat sits an adult who has a driver's license with a length of not less than 5 years. This is to prevent young learners drivers start driving under the protection of young people like them, no driving experience.

After those 6 months of private learning, without having committed any traffic violation, pays the road test and obtain a "provisional license " for a period of 12 months, which has restrictions and limited alcohol the number of violations per year.

After 12 months of driving with "provisional license" , it will be replaced by a "definitive license" , which have restrictions on alcohol only. This should be very low even after 3 years of age to obtain the final license or have completed 25 years. This is because it is considered that, before that age, the body metabolizes alcohol more slowly eaten since, well, only 3 years of driving have enough management experience to warrant a normal breath.

Thus, simple and effective, it could have been provided for by Law 24449, the countries would be for those who want to learn to drive do so starting to learn to respect the law.

Instead, in Argentina but, especially in the myriad of locations inside the country without driving schools, aspiring young drivers are forced to violate the law to obtain a driver's license.

It is therefore unrealistic to expect respect for traffic rules if the majority of Argentines had to begin by breaking the rules, to obtain a driver's license.

And who denounce anomie Argentine drivers, without indicating that irregular situation but easy to solve, show their ignorance on the subject.

But there is no doubt that the Federal Road Safety Council has not "done their homework" if, in the ten years since its inception, it has not achieved the amendment of that provision that encourages the widespread anomie Argentine drivers.

And the same is true of NGOs that also have done nothing effective about it.

Decorating A Wedding Chescake

Traffic accidents in Argentina, sponsored by the Law 24449

Traffic Law 24449, enacted by the Congress of Argentina on December 23, 1994, was an act "out of trouble" for cause political impact for serious road accidents that had occurred shortly before.

was finally approved by that date, in a marathon session, custom typical of Congress before the holidays this year, in which many other laws were passed that possibly be as flawed as this.

This statement is not capricious and that at the time of its adoption by the Executive Branch by decree 179/95, had seen 10 articles of the new Law on Traffic by some gross errors they contained.

Among the items found included, so remarkable, the Art 11 and Art 38 of Inc.A of the law passed.

For the first 12 years was set at the minimum age for driving on the road with its driver rolled

powered

And the second was set at 10 years the maximum age for driving on the sidewalk fueled vehicle these children.

This created a loophole for children between 10 and 12 years who were not authorized to drive a road driven by its driver or on the road or the sidewalk, so that these items were seen and not part of the legal regulation of traffic in Argentina.

Thus, the promulgation decree corrected the error mentioned but enables a child of any age, say 4 years, to escape from parental control and down the sidewalk to the road getting in the road traffic.

Therefore, if this cause an accident by running over the child, this law can be invoked by counsel sponsors of the father who can not be attributed to negligence in the accident, given that the wording of the Act, is perfectly legal for a child of that age in a circuit between the motor tricycle and that fact should be expected and anticipated by the drivers of these vehicles, in order to avoid an accident.

should be added that, despite more than 10 years since its enactment no one has bothered to correct this error, although, in this long period, has operated the Federal Road Safety Council, created by the same law that its functions are analyzed and explained in Art 7 of the Law 24449 are to propose policies to prevent accidents, advise as measures of general interest for the purposes of this Act and, especially, "... continuously assess the effectiveness of technical and legal standards and promote change in these studies when it advisable ... ". Many other

errors have this law that has been approved and incorporated into legislation in many provinces and municipalities without the authors of those provincial laws and municipal ordinances warned them, demonstrating in principle that road safety is not a state policy.

On the contrary, thereby promoting the national government, the provincial and municipal governments is precisely the lack of road safety at all levels, which will be developed in subsequent notes.

Finally, it should also call attention to the neglect of various NGOs, supposedly concerned about road safety have not noticed errors that law or, if they did, they did not enough clarity and energy to change this state of affairs.